Reducing Global Warming through Interior Design Research Paper Example

Reducing Global Warming through Interior Design Research Paper Example Reducing Global Warming through Interior Design Paper Reducing Global Warming through Interior Design Paper Essay Topic: Global Warming The purpose of this study was to examine how interior design can decrease global warming by using alternative methods, and why designers should be concerned about conserve or maintain the environment. Once people in the world confront the same problem about climate, many of them are concerned and attempt to solve it. Global warming seems to affect the vast majority of people in the world. Interior design could help people in the world to reduce this problem by designing with sustainability way. One of the many possible solutions is reducing energy and material use in architectural industry. In this essay at first will explain the definition of global warming, global warming effects on human being and how to decrease or eliminate pollutions in the role of interior designer. Followed by the meaning of sustainable design and green design in term of architecture and interior architecture and the use of efficient materials in design process to less damaging environment, then how designer can use alternative or replacement energy to diminish pollutions. What is global warming? For many years people in the world have noticed problems that are caused by human activities which affect the world. Global warming is raising the earth’s average temperature and climate change. It is fundamentally caused by emission greenhouse gases (GHGs) or burning fossil fuel and deforestation in many countries which produced surplus carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane. In consequence, the vast majority of these gases in the air have reached to the higher rates (Moxon, 2012). Almost 45% of human activities emits greenhouse gas by burning of fossil in maintain buildings use, and the rest is used for transportation and goods for people and buildings (Edwards, 2010). Moreover, natural disasters are caused by increasing of temperature and unstable climate, for instance approximately 80 hurricanes and typhoons happen around the ocean every year (Houghton, 2004). Houghton (2004) shows that destruction of Hurricane Gilbert damaged the island of Jamaica and the coast of Mexico in 1988, Hurricane Andrew made the great damaged in Florida and other cities of the United States in 1992. In addition, in 1998 Honduras and other countries of central America were hit and faced a great devastate by Hurricane Mitch are the unforgettable case (ibid. . Hurricanes or typhoons are not the only disasters which caused by climate change. Floods are also one of the worst disaster that occur after deforestation activity, and it can be more damage to people’s life and land (Houghton, 2004). Houghton (2004) states that there was few example of these disasters happen usually in many countries in the world, in 1988 80% of Bangladesh was covered by flood; floods in Venezuela in 1999 was reached to the highest level and killed 30,000 people. Why is global warming important to human beings? Global warming can affect directly to human beings and people should be concerned about what would happen if this issue disregarded. Rising temperature does not only make the climate uncertainly, also effect of social and ecology system. For instance water resources, the available of fresh water will be substantially changed in a world affected by global warming (Houghton, 2004). Increasing of population in the present is needed water to maintain human beings, people need to use it for producing food, for daily life and for infrastructure (ibid. . Climate change influences agriculture and food supply, crops and animals are suitable to seasonal climate. However, higher temperature is the main affect to growth of crops during the year. It impacts on human beings such as human health, environment is one of the most important factors for human beings, people’s health depends on how good environment do they live with (Houghton, 2004). Although people are able to accommodate and cope with the change of climates, the major effect on them is still the heat in high temperature (ibid. . In metropolis heat waves frequently happen mortality can be raised 2 times or even 3 times in a day (ibid. ). On the other hand, there is some positive side, death rates during the winter time will be decreased (ibid. ). Houghton (2004) states that another impact of climate change on people’s heath is rising of diseases in the world. Some diseases grow in tropical part of the world, but with higher temperature it could be expand to other part of the world. For example, Malaria is a disease that carried by mosquitoes which growing faster in temperature around 15-32 C with 50-60% moisture (ibid. ). Houghton (2004) indicates that Malaria presently a huge health problem in the world, people were inflected around 300 million and killed more that 1 million in a year. Two centuries ago in the atmosphere there were 590 billion tons of CO2 but at present CO2 has risen to 760 billion tons (Edwards, 2010). According to Edwards (2010) it is apparent to design buildings for difference climate at present time. How can design reduce global warming in the role of interior designer? Moxon (2012) claims that building manufactures have massive influence on the nature, designers are able to obviously produce smart contradiction to natural problems during their design options, in fact they have the great duty to do it. Thus, interior designers are particularly familiar with the renovation, refurbishment or even re-built, they should be concerned about sustainability or using efficient materials in design methods. However designers who cannot catch up with this problems, it may obstacle their opportunities to work in the future because at the present, a large number of people in many countries are confronted and trying to solve this problems. According to this point of view designer should study how to decrease energy use but support comfort (Thomas, 2006). For instance, Moxon (2012) shows that the refurbishment of Empire State building in New York diminished energy use by 38%, in addition renovation homes might decrease their energy usage by 80%. Therefore, Edwards (2010) and Turrent (2007) claims that designers should reduce using fossil fuel, damage limitation or harm less environment and design for non-carbon buildings. Green design and Sustainable design Jones (2008) claims that sustainable design implies a massive point of view in environmental obligation, ensuring the prosperity of ecosystem in the world for present and forthcoming era. So sustainable design can also mean design which enlarges the capacity of building in case of using of efficiency energy and materials in blueprint process or construction of the building. Green design defines a minor attitude on human’s condition and wellbeing in the produced environment (Jones, 2008). In addition, this can be defined a buildings and planning to build for reduce using of materials, maintain material supply and improve the capacity of life (Means, 2011). Thus, according to Edwards (2010) sustainable and green buildings are the combination of green and sustainable design into the buildings, this means buildings use efficient materials, alternative energy and reduce level of pollutions. Decreasing the use of energy in buildings can reserve supply and maintenance cost during diminishing the air pollutions (Means, 2011). The use of efficient materials One of the most important task in design development process and enlarging sustainability and efficiency is the selection of materials before construction process (Lawton, 2011). Building construction uses a large number of materials which directly impacts on environment (Edwards, 2010). Many of the processes in design project currently unconsidered the efficiency of materials that means designers waste a large amount of materials they use such as wood, stone and metal. Jones (2008) claims that if they concern more about materials and use materials wisely in their design project then they can help to decrease the level of pollutions. In addition, using inefficiency materials can be worsen resource consumption, changing climate and even people’s health. The greatest simple consequence in using inefficiency materials is natural supply decreasing (Moxon, 2012; Sassi, 2006). Efficiency of materials can also mean reuse, recycle and reduce. Reducing, reusing and recycling materials are included the waste of recovery raze, using salvage materials and certifying which limited materials is efficiency of materials at last part of the design work (Moxon, 2012). The selection of materials are also essential to interior design work, while designers do design process they should be able to choose which materials are suitable for their work. Selecting inefficient materials can effect on environment or waste more energy supply more than it should be. Moreover, the importance of origin materials or where they come from can impact on environment (Thomas, 2006). According to Thomas (2006) shows that England’s forests is being demolished about 10,000 million square meters in nowadays; therefore, the use of materials that should be citified or ensured by appropriate organization. In the UK, embody in construction materials consumed estimate 5-6% of total energy used collated with around 50% of using in buildings (ibid. ). In construction process designers should be concerned about planning to decrease or degrade rubbish (Means, 2011). Rubbish in construction is wasted for 15%-20% and transport to landfills, even though approximate 90% of rubbish is likely to be reusable or recyclable (ibid. ). Alternative energy According to Moxon (2012) the use of energy in buildings is the greatest factor impact on global warming. Nowadays the vast majority of energy producer keep using coal, oil and gas to produce 70% of electricity in the world (ibid. ). It emits greenhouse gas to the atmosphere and causes air pollution contribute to uncertain climate. The reduction of using energy seems to be completed by decreasing energy required, use efficient energy, recycle heat and cold or use energy from external area and the ground (Omer, 2008). Therefore, there are several techniques to reduce the energy needs of the building such as more ventilation to flow indoor air or recycle water in building. Many green buildings installed the solar system and use of solar energy to provide heating or hot water. Even more using solar system can reduce the cost of electricity or gas in the winter. Thus, different type of buildings use difference energy, they needs distinct solar system scheme (Means, 2011). For instance, in the commercial buildings may needs more lighting during the day and daylighting is an essential technique (ibid. ). For hotel, lighting may not be the most important energy but water heating is enormously using because areas are took fundamentally night (ibid. ). Daylight could be another alternative energy. If more glass windows are installed it would be more light and use less of electricity in the daytime. Furthermore glass window can make keep the heat inside for long time. Moxon (2012) claims that the use of the sun’s heat to make interior area warm, decrease or diminish using heating equipment in winter time. The significance of daylight seems to be obviously useful for interior and green building should be equipped sufficient light at all time (Moxon, 2012; Sassi 2006. ). Although surplus light makes overheating in the building and designer attempts to avoid it, thus ventilation and blind design are important to translucent the light (ibid. . Provided ventilation makes air flow into the building for users to generate the energy and eliminate heat or carbon dioxide that users produced (ibid. ). Ventilation is important strategy for massive building for designer to producing cleaner air inside the buildings (Thomas, 2006). Conclusion As has been shown, global warming is likely an important problem at the present. Therefore, there are many possibilities to reduce this problems, one of the many methods is reducing through interior design. Interior design seems to be able to help or decrease by using efficiency materials such as using eco-friendly materials, recycle materials from other part of construction process. Even though the use of alternative energy, for instance the reduction of using energy in the buildings by install more ventilations into the buildings or using of electricity in the day time could be replaced by using of solar system and daylight seems to be important factor for people in the buildings to do some activities productively and also decrease maintenance cost of the buildings. Although this issue has been discussed for many times in the past but it is hard to say that most of interior designers frequently work with an idea to maintain or preserve the environment. In addition, sustainable design and green design are becoming more significant to the buildings, because of in the future most people are concerned about environment and they are trying to consume eco-friendly products or to restore what they have damaged. For another line further research is to study of the importance of the selection of material for interior construction process.

Brief Biography of Sharpshooter Annie Oakley

Brief Biography of Sharpshooter Annie Oakley Blessed with a natural talent for sharp-shooting, Annie Oakley proved herself dominant in a sport that was long considered a mans domain. Oakley was a gifted entertainer as well; her performances with Buffalo Bill Codys Wild West Show brought international fame, making her one of the most celebrated female performers of her time. Annie Oakleys unique and adventurous life has inspired numerous books and films as well as a popular musical. Annie Oakley was born Phoebe Ann Moses on August 13, 1860 in rural Darke County, Ohio, the fifth daughter of Jacob and Susan Moses. The Moses family had moved to Ohio from Pennsylvania after their business- a small inn- had burned to the ground in 1855. The family lived in a one-room log cabin, surviving on game they caught and crops they grew. Another daughter and a son were born after Phoebe. Annie, as Phoebe was called, was a tomboy who preferred spending time outdoors with her father over household chores and playing with dolls. When Annie was only five, her father died of pneumonia after being caught in a blizzard. Susan Moses struggled to keep her family fed. Annie supplemented their food supply with squirrels and birds that she trapped. At the age of eight, Annie began sneaking out with her fathers old rifle to practice shooting in the woods. She quickly became skilled at killing prey with one shot. By the time Annie was ten, her mother could no longer support the children. Some were sent to neighbors farms; Annie was sent to work at the county poor house. Soon afterward, a family hired her as live-in help in exchange for wages as well as room and board. But the family, who Annie later described as wolves, treated Annie as a slave. They refused to pay her wages and beat her, leaving scars on her back for life. After nearly two years, Annie was able to escape to the nearest train station. A generous stranger paid her train fare home. Annie was reunited with her mother, but only briefly. Because of her dire financial situation, Susan Moses was forced to send Annie back to the county poor house. Making a Living Annie worked at the county poor house for three more years; she then returned to her mothers home at the age of 15. Annie could now resume her favorite pastime- hunting. Some of the game she shot was used to feed her family, but the surplus was sold to general stores and restaurants. Many customers specifically requested Annie’s game because she shot so cleanly (through the head), which eliminated the problem of having to clean buckshot out of the meat. With money coming in regularly, Annie helped her mother pay off the mortgage on their house. For the rest of her life, Annie Oakley made her living with a gun. By the 1870s, target shooting had become a popular sport in the United States. Spectators attended competitions in which shooters fired at live birds, glass balls, or clay disks. Trick shooting, also popular, was usually performed in theaters and involved the risky practice of shooting items out of a colleagues hand or off the top of their head. In rural areas such as where Annie lived, game-shooting competitions were a common form of entertainment. Annie participated in some local turkey shoots but was eventually banned because she always won. Annie entered a pigeon-shooting match in 1881 against a single opponent, unaware that soon her life would change forever. Butler and Oakley Annies opponent in the match was Frank Butler, a sharp-shooter in the circus. He made the 80-mile trek from Cincinnati to rural Greenville, Ohio in the hopes of winning the $100 prize. Frank had been told only that he would be up against a local crack shot. Assuming that his competitor would be a farm boy, Frank was shocked to see the petite, attractive 20-year old Annie Moses. He was even more surprised that she beat him in the match. Frank, ten years older than Annie, was captivated by the quiet young woman. He returned to his tour and the two corresponded by mail for several months. They were married sometime in 1882, but the exact date has never been verified. Once married, Annie traveled with Frank on tour. One evening, Franks partner became ill and Annie took over for him at an indoor theater shoot. The audience loved watching the five-foot-tall woman who easily and expertly handled a heavy rifle. Annie and Frank became partners on the touring circuit, billed as Butler and Oakley. It is not known why Annie picked the name Oakley; possibly it came from the name of a neighborhood in Cincinnati. Annie Meets Sitting Bull Following a performance in St. Paul, Minnesota in March 1894, Annie met Sitting Bull who had been in the audience. The Lakota Sioux Indian chief was infamous as the warrior who had led his men into battle at Little Bighorn at Custers Last Stand in 1876. Although officially a prisoner of the U.S. government, Sitting Bull was allowed to travel and make appearances for money. Once reviled as a savage, he had become the object of fascination. Sitting Bull was impressed by Annies shooting skills, which included shooting the cork off a bottle and hitting the cigar her husband held in his mouth. When the chief met Annie, he reportedly asked if he could adopt her as his daughter. The adoption was not official, but the two became lifelong friends. It was Sitting Bull who bestowed upon Annie the Lakota name Watanya Cicilia, or Little Sure Shot. Buffalo Bill Cody and The Wild West Show In December 1884, Annie and Frank traveled with the circus to New Orleans. An unusually rainy winter forced the circus to close down until summer, leaving Annie and Frank in need of jobs. They approached Buffalo Bill Cody, whose Wild West Show (a combination of rodeo acts and western skits) was also in town. At first, Cody turned them down because he already had several shooting acts and most of them were more famous than Oakley and Butler. In March of 1885, Cody decided to give Annie a chance after his star shooter, world champion Adam Bogardus, quit the show. Cody would hire Annie on a trial basis following an audition in Louisville, Kentucky. Codys business manager arrived early at the park where Annie was practicing prior to the audition. He watched her from afar and was so impressed, he signed her on even before Cody showed up. Annie soon became a featured performer in a solo act. Frank, well aware that Annie was the star in the family, stepped aside and took on a managerial role in her career. Annie dazzled the audience, shooting with speed and precision at moving targets, often while riding a horse. For one of her most impressive stunts, Annie fired backward over her shoulder, using only a table knife to view the reflection of her target. In what became a trademark move, Annie skipped offstage at the end of each performance, ending with a little kick in the air. In 1885, Annies friend Sitting Bull joined the Wild West Show. He would stay one year. The Wild West Tours England In spring of 1887, the Wild West performers- along with horses, buffalo, and elk- set sail for London, England to participate in the celebration of Queen Victorias Golden Jubilee (the fiftieth anniversary of her coronation). The show was immensely popular, prompting even the reclusive queen to attend a special performance. Over a six-month period, the Wild West Show drew more than 2.5 million people to the London appearance alone; thousands more attended in cities outside of London. Annie was adored by the British public, who found her modest demeanor charming. She was showered with gifts- and even proposals- and was the guest of honor at parties and balls. True to her homespun values, Annie refused to wear ball gowns, preferring instead her homemade dresses. Leaving the Show In the meantime, Annies relationship with Cody was becoming increasingly strained, in part because Cody had hired Lillian Smith, a teenaged female sharpshooter. Without giving any explanation, Frank and Annie quit the Wild West Show and returned to New York in December 1887. Annie made a living by competing in shooting competitions, then later joined a newly-formed wild west show, the Pawnee Bill Show. The show was a scaled-down version of Codys show, but Frank and Annie werent happy there. They negotiated a deal with Cody to return to the Wild West Show, which no longer included Annies rival Lillian Smith. Cody’s show returned to Europe in 1889, this time for a three-year tour of France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. During this trip, Annie was troubled by the poverty she saw in each country. It was the beginning of her lifelong commitment to donating money to charities and orphanages. Settling Down After years of living out of trunks, Frank and Annie were ready to settle down in a real home during the shows off-season (November through mid-March). They built a house in Nutley, New Jersey and moved into it in December 1893. The couple never had children, but it is unknown whether or not this was by choice. During the winter months, Frank and Annie took vacations in the southern states, where they usually did a lot of hunting. In 1894 Annie was invited by inventor Thomas Edison of nearby West Orange, New Jersey, to be filmed on his new invention, the kinetoscope (a forerunner of the movie camera). The brief film shows Annie Oakley expertly shooting out glass balls mounted on a board, then hitting coins thrown up in the air by her husband. In October 1901, as the Wild West train cars traveled through rural Virginia, troupe members were awakened by a sudden, violent crash. Their train had been hit head-on by another train. Miraculously, none of the people were killed, but about 100 of the shows horses died on impact. Annies hair turned white following the accident, reportedly from the shock. Annie and Frank decided it was time to leave the show. Scandal for Annie Oakley Annie and Frank found work after leaving the Wild West show. Annie, sporting a brown wig to cover her white hair, starred in a play written just for her. The Western Girl played in New Jersey and was well-received but never made it to Broadway. Frank became a salesman for an ammunition company. They were content in their new lives. Everything changed on August 11, 1903, when the Chicago Examiner printed a scandalous story about Annie. According to the story, Annie Oakley had been arrested for stealing to support a cocaine habit. Within days, the story had spread to other newspapers around the country. It was, in fact, a case of mistaken identity. The woman arrested was a performer who had gone by the stage name Any Oakley in a burlesque Wild West show. Anyone familiar with the real Annie Oakley knew that the stories were false, but Annie couldnt let it go. Her reputation had been tarnished. Annie demanded that each and every newspaper print a retraction; some of them did. But that wasnt enough. For the next six years, Annie testified at one trial after another as she sued 55 newspapers for libel. In the end, she won about $800,000, less than she had paid in legal expenses. The entire experience aged Annie greatly, but she felt vindicated. Final Years Annie and Frank kept busy, traveling together to advertise for Franks employer, a cartridge company. Annie participated in exhibitions and shooting tournaments and received offers to join several western shows. She re-entered show business in 1911, joining the Young Buffalo Wild West Show. Even in her 50s, Annie could still draw a crowd. She finally retired from show business for good in 1913. Annie and Frank bought a house in Maryland and spent winters in Pinehurst, North Carolina, where Annie gave free shooting lessons to local women. She also donated her time to raising funds for various charities and hospitals. In November 1922, Annie and Frank were involved in a car accident in which the car flipped over, landing on Annie and fracturing her hip and ankle. She never fully recovered from her injuries, which compelled her to use a cane and a leg brace. In 1924, Annie was diagnosed with pernicious anemia and became increasingly weak and frail. She died on November 3, 1926, at the age of 66. Some have suggested that Annie died from lead poisoning after years of handling lead bullets. Frank Butler, who had also been in poor health, died 18 days later.

The Collapsible Lunch Box Idea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Collapsible Lunch Box Idea - Essay Example The first idea involved whether we were capable of producing folding chairs. This idea failed due to the fact that after its assessment it was discovered that the production of folding chairs would cost too much. The second idea was the production disposable mats. This idea was quite a viable but it was ruled out after assessing that in order to reach to this final product it would involve quite a number of different processes. The feasibility of a business idea demonstrates how practical it is to put the idea into action. In line with this we had other options such as the production of a modified pub tray. The idea was a good one but we did not have information about the technical aspect of the product as how it would function. In addition the production of a modified pub tray would require too much work from sub contractors. Another feasible idea involved the production of plastic water cups. We discovered that the demand for this is too high and it would be quite difficult to prod uce enough to meet the demand. In this case consumer satisfaction is an essential aspect worth consideration if a business idea is to be adopted. Final considerations were the idea of a producing a washing machine dial or a collapsible lunch box. After adequate evaluation and comparison of the two it was seen that the market for the washing machine dial would be too small to make meaning profits. ... An American museum keeper by the name David Shayt pins this evolution to this century providing some of the examples of lunch boxes that were developed. These examples include a woven basket that had a handle and a fancy box made of wood. With the former a handkerchief would be used to warp up a meal then put inside the woven basket. The latter is believed to be used by only the rich people. These lunch boxes were but a result of increased industrialization. With the Americans working away from their homes in places such as factories it was then deemed impractical of them going home for lunch on a daily basis. This is what brought about the necessity of lunch boxes as something that would be used to protect meals and allowing for their transportation with simplicity. Various have in the past been in the manufacture of lunch boxes. Schooling children have always created a market lunch boxes with materials such as vinyl and plastic being used for this market. For the adults the most co mmon materials for their lunch boxes are metallic in nature for instance aluminium or tin. These materials are used for purpose of increasing robustness of the lunch boxes and that may last for a long time. The year is 1954 in Sudbury in the region of Ontario a miner by the name Leo May invented the aluminium lunch box. The idea of this lunch came as a result of him accidentally crushing his lunch box made of tin. History has it that the Mickey Mouse the first character lunch box made of tin was produced by Frey, Paeschke and Geuder in 1935. In the 1950 the Aladdin industries came up with a creation of the first lunch box meant for children basing their invention on Hopaong Cassidy a show on the television. This

Cystic Fibrosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Cystic Fibrosis - Essay Example The CFTR protein is located in epithelial cells, which form a lining of major body organs. The CFTR protein in people without cystic Fibrosis controls the flow of salt and water through the epithelial walls. As a result, it retains mucus secreted thin and watery. The thin mucus is important since it protects the lining of the liver, lungs, pancreatic glands, reproductive organs and digestive organs. A Cystic Fibrosis patient who has a mutated CFTR gene, the passage of sodium chloride through the epithelial cells does not occur normally. The body lacks a healthy CFTR protein needed to maintain a balance of salt and water leading to a lot of salt in sweat and making the mucus produced by the mucous gland too thick and sticky. The thick mucus clogs and obstructs body organs, linings and passageways thus preventing the normal functioning of body organs (Bjorklund 15-16). Cystic fibrosis causes acute respiratory problems; this is due to acute haemoptysis and pneumonia. The infecting organisms of patients who have pneumonia include Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The body has a small amount of functional CFTR to bind with the infectious bacteria resulting in obstruction of the airways. As the obstruction increases, it becomes very hard for air to pass through during inhalation and exhalation. This leads to expansion of the alveoli leading to trapping of air in small tubes. Over time, this causes barrel-shaped chest leading to increased pulmonary artery pressure that in turn causes heart failure. In addition, thick and sticky mucus, which is the main symptom in cystic fibrosis patients, clogs the bronchioles and as a result, parts of the lungs become blocked off. The small air passage also becomes weak and loses the ability to work properly; this often develops to bronchiecstasis. The patient coughs a lot and wheezes while breathing. In addition, cystic

Traditionally since Essay Example for Free

Traditionally since Essay Traditionally since its inception, The Black Church in America has been a symbol of unity in the Black community. In times of crisis it has cut across various religious positions and has served as a spiritual base camp for Blacks in America for many years. It has also played a role in community participation, social activities and provided care for the sick and a place of refuge for the poor. During the civil rights movement the Black community looked to the church leaders as an instrument that could effect change for their social conditions. During that time, Black church leaders were influential to many of the social changes that we partake of today. Any important institution of society will have a number of roles and functions, and thus, an impact upon its membership. The Black church is no exception. In his study of the Black church, distinguished social scientist E. Franklin Frazier included a chapter, â€Å"The Black Church: Nation within a Nation,† in which he saw the church as an â€Å"agency of social control,’’ as an â€Å"economic cooperative,’’ as an â€Å"educational institution,’’ as an â€Å"arena of political life,’’ and as a â€Å"refuge in a hostile white world: (Frazier, 1964). These functions—political, economic, social, and security—all attest to the secular scope of the Black church. Some students of the Black church have supported this view of the church’s secular function. An example is Joseph Washington, Jr. (1964), referring to the work of the late Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. as an extension of the religious role of the church into the civil rights area. Although Washington viewed King’s philosophy as a perversion of the uses of Christian theology, and tended to view this activity as negative, his rationale was based on a lack of emphasis on theology in the Black church. Other writers have tended to support the view that, the function of the Black church was not so much to foster the spiritual growth of its members by its adherence to and development of the normal Christian theology of the church, as it was to serve their spiritually-related secular needs. St. Clair Drake and Horace Cayton, for instance, say in their study of the Black church in Chicago in the 1930’s: The Negro Church is ostensibly a â€Å"religious organization,’’ but Bronzeville expects it, too, to â€Å"advance the race. † Negro Baptists think of their congregation as a â€Å"Race Church,† and their leaders concern themselves with such matters as fighting the job ceiling and demanding equal economic opportunity as well as â€Å"serving the Lord. † (Drake and Cayton, 1970 Pg 167). Kelly Miller also says that the Black church â€Å" was not yet able to formulate a theological statement of its doctrine,’’ that it broke from the white church and â€Å"decided to go worship God under its own fig tree,† and in so doing, developed a distinctive orientation (Miller, 1968). Others, however, such as Gayraud S. Wilmore and James Cone, built on the Drake and Cayton notion of the Black church as a â€Å"race church. † They outlined the tendency of the Black church to be responsive to the dominant forces in the Black community by pointing to the compatibility between the â€Å"Blackness† of the church and the dominant ideologies—such as Black power—in the community (Wilmore, 1973; Cone, 1969). Assuming these notions are true, it should be possible to test a theory of the responsiveness of the Black Church. Learning more about the function of the Black church is made urgent by the increased necessity for it to be responsive to the social needs of the Black community. The nature of these social needs is made urgent by the many new problems, of this age. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM AND PURPOSE Today’s problems which relate to the role of the church in secular activities is in its relationship to Black families. The number of Black families headed by Black females has continued to rise over the years verses other ethnic groups. This dramatic rise may be attributed to an increase in babies born out of wedlock, divorce and separations, all of which have more serious underlying causes, and which also have ramifications on the ability to maintain adequate income for provisional needs. The church formerly was the home for many entire extended families in the Black community; as such, it played a role in establishing standards of conduct; legitimizing births, marriages, and deaths; educating and caring for children; and counseling married individuals. Consequently, the church was a resource center for the Black family, and played a role in its survival. If there are now new pressures on the family which—in addition to employment-related difficulties—threaten the survival of the family, it is also worthwhile to assess the modern role of the church and the extent to which it provides services to meet these new needs. In light of the current problems facing the Black community, it is appropriate and necessary that a new assessment be made of the various institutions within the community which played a role in its progress. PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY The purpose of this study is to ascertain the present-day role of the Black church as a community institution, particularly with respect to the views of the church’s leadership, membership, and individuals in the community. To what extent, if any, does the church leadership believe that the Black church should be involved in the community? How do church members perceive the scope of the church as it relates to non-secular activities? And to what extent do residents, especially non-church members, view the church as a community resource?

The Devastating Suicide in Bone Essays -- Bone Essays

The Devastating Suicide in Bone        Ã‚   In Bone, by Fae Myenne Ng, the character Ona Leong grows up in a Chinese-American family in San Francisco. Ona shared her home with two sisters that are extreme opposites, a mother who works in sweatshops and a father who works out at sea for long periods. Ona grew up loving every member of her family and each one of them believed that she was on the road to success. But on a day like any other, Ona commits suicide by jumping off of the thirteenth floor of the Nam building. Without any warning of her unhappiness, the family finds themselves only being able to guess as to why she would do such a thing. How did Ona express her unhappiness? And how does Ona's choice of suicide affect loved ones?    Suicide often follows depression, proving false the stereotype of depression being only general sadness. Depression can be anything from temporary to extreme, and from insignificant to greatly significant. What significant might be characterized as could be the outcome of a loss of ones life. In a case where a woman's husband committed suicide, the woman later said, "'He was like anybody else with depression. But it was much more extreme than he ever let us know'" (Robinson, R. 33). However, Ona Leong appeared no different up to the day that she jumped; never even appearing depressed. Throughout the novel, the impact of suicide is seen from within the home, leading back to early childhood.    When thinking back, every detail of a person's life can be thought of as being a clue to the mystery of suicide. After Ona's death, both mother and sister alike, ask themselves, "What could have saved Ona?... If I'd been living [at home with Ona] on the Alley, could I have had that talk with... ...the case of leaving a suicide note, can sometimes only explain so much, but actions do in fact speak louder. Taking your own life, in the case of Ona wanting to make a point, could quite possibly be the loudest action there is, an action impossible to ignore.    Works Cited: Robinson, Rita. Survivors Of Suicide. Van Nuys: Newcastle, 1989. Barrington, Mary Rose. "The Right to Suicide." Problems of Death. Ed. Bender, David L. Anoka: Greenhaven, 1974. 114-119. JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association, Regional variations in suicide rates - United States, 1990-1994. (From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Sep 24, 1997, v278 n12. Robinson, Edward Arlington. "Richard Cory." The Pocket Book of Modern Verse. New York: Washington Square Press, 1954. 153. Ng, Fae Myenne. Bone. New York: HarperCollins, 1994.      

Medical Tourism On Public Health Health And Social Care Essay

IntroductionSurveies on wellness related mobility have long paid attending to the migration of patients from less developed states to industrialised states in hunt of wellness services that are unavailable in their state of beginning ( Paffhausen, et al. , 2010 ) . Recently, motion in the opposite way, which is referred to as medical touristry, has captured the involvement of the media ( Horowitz, et al. , 2007 ) . Medical touristry describes the phenomenon of citizens from extremely developed states going to states at variable degrees of development for world-class but low-cost medical services that are non available in their ain communities ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ; Woodman, 2007 ) . Unlike wellness touristry which is by and large viewed as a pleasure-oriented touristry affecting gratifying and restful activities ( Pollock & A ; Williams, 2000 ; Bennett, et al. , 2004 ) , medical touristry is distinguished from wellness touristry by the earnestness of unwellness and the degree of physical intercession required ( Hendersen, 2004 ; Carrera & A ; Bridges, 2006 ; Connell, 2006 ) . In this regard, Hendersen ( 2004, p.113 ) defines medical touristry as a pattern that ‘incorporates wellness showing, hospitalization, and surgical operations ‘ . This essay will concentrate the treatment on a figure of medical touristry issues with mention to economic theory including market drivers and determiners of demand for medical touristry, the crowding-out and crowding-in effects of medical touristry on public wellness of hosting states. The essay begins with the market drivers and determiners of demand for medical touristry. This will be followed by treatment of the ability of medical touristry in bettering public wellness – the crowding-in consequence. The essay will so discourse the crowding-out consequence of medical touristry – the fact that national resources are diverted from public heath to more profitable private services for international patients.Market drivers and determiners of demand for medical touristryAlthough medical touristry is an emerging industry ( Hopkins, et al. , 2010 ; Paffhausen, 2010 ) , the industry itself has grown dramatically over the past decennary ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ; Paffhausen, 2010 ) . The rapid growing of the planetary medical touristry industry is facilitated by the important addition in demand for cross-border medical interventions which is fuelled by a figure of factors such as high wellness attention costs, expensive insurance premiums, long waiting l ists, and high income in developed states ( Horowitz & A ; Rosensweig, 2007 ; Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Health attention costs are a push and a pull of demand for medical touristry 1There is incompatibility in the value of monetary value snap of demand for wellness attention among different surveies and different medical services. For physician services, Lee and Hadley ( 1981 ) found that monetary value snap of demand is about -2.8 to -5.07, while in the survey of McCarthy ( 1985 ) the value was -3.07 to -3.26. At hospital degree, monetary value snap of demand for wellness attention is smaller, runing from -0.8 for patient yearss to -1.1 for admittances ( Feldman & A ; Dowd, 1986 ) . Rosett and Huang ( 1973 ) found that outgo for wellness attention is sensitive to monetary value, with monetary value snap of -0.35 to -1.5. Although different surveies yield different Numberss and different groups of people may hold different degree of sensitiveness to monetary value, these surveies tell us the same narrative: demand for wellness attention is monetary value elastic. Health attention market faces high monetary value snap of demand and patients are sensitive to price1 ( Rosett & A ; Huang, 1973 ; Lee & A ; Hadley, 1981 ; McCarthy, 1985 ; Feldman & A ; Dowd, 1986 ) . In fact, the primary ground why people travel in hunt of wellness attention is monetary value considerations ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Harmonizing to microeconomic theory, as wellness attention costs rise, the demand for wellness attention would diminish as a consequence ( McPake & A ; Normand, 2008 ; Folland, et al. , 2010 ) . As a rational economic person, in the attempt to minimise costs of wellness attention and maximise public-service corporation, the patient has become a medical tourer ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Like other trade goods, monetary value is one of the most of import determiners of measure demanded for wellness attention ( McPake & A ; Normand, 2008 ; Folland, et al. , 2010 ) . Rising wellness attention costs in place scenes and significantly lower monetary values of medical interventions in finish states are playing as a push and a pull severally of demand for medical touristry ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . In the United States ( US ) , for illustration, it is estimated that the national wellness outgo has raised by 43.5 % from $ 1.3 trillion in 2003 to $ 2.8 trillion in 2008, of which 12 % ( $ 278 million ) was from personal payments ( US Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2008 ) . This go oning addition in heath outgo exacts a great toll on wellness attention consumers. A survey by Himmelstein ( 2009 ) reveals that in 2007, over 62.1 % of all bankruptcies in the US were medical, and wellness attention costs have become the fastest turning constituent of Americans ‘ market basket. As a consequence, patients are pushed to go to where their demand can be met with low-cost monetary values to increase public-service corporation. With the lifting wellness attention costs in industrialised states, high quality services at important lower monetary values in developing states have become the inducement for patients seeking interventions abroad. Harmonizing to Deloitte ( 2008 ) , medical services in India, Thailand, Singapore can be every bit low as 10 % of those in the US, while other surveies reveals that the costs in some medical touristry finishs can be 30 % -70 % cheaper than those that medical tourers have to pay in their states ( Mugomba & A ; Danell, 2007 cited in Paffhausen, 2010 ) . The cost that includes airfare and holiday bundle of a bosom valve replacing surgery, for illustration, is merely $ 10,000 in India, while it costs $ 200,000 in the US ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Hospitals in Singapore charge $ 18,000 for a knee replacing with a six twenty-four hours in-patient intervention which would be a patient $ 30,000 in the US ( Herrick, 2007 ) . World-class medical interventions with significan tly cheaper monetary values in developing states have been drawing the possible wellness attention consumers in developed states to prosecute interventions overseas ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Insurance coverage, waiting clip, and income Econometric patterning on heath attention ingestion behavior suggests that insurance coverage, deductibles, and co-payments are among the variables of the demand map for wellness attention with negative correlativity coefficients ( Folland, et al. , 2010 ) . High wellness insurance premiums means people tend to purchase low-budget programs that merely cover a little basket of heath services or people may take non to purchase insurance ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . It is estimated that over 46 million Americans are uninsured, doing nest eggs on medical processs abroad more attractive ( Starr & A ; Fernandopulle, 2005 ; Milstein & A ; Smith, 2006 ) . In add-on, high deductibles and co-payment sometimes make the cost of wellness attention out of range of patients even though they have insurance ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Given demand for wellness attention is infinite and patient ‘s income is finite, it is non surprising to see people going to seek medical interventions outside their states ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . In states where there is a national health care plan such as Canada and the United Kingdom, waiting clip is the figure one barrier to entree to wellness attention ( Statistics Canada, 2005 ; Horowitz, et al. , 2007 ; Turner, 2007 ) . A recent survey finds that Canadians wait an norm of 8.4 hebdomads for General Practitioner ‘s referral to a specializer and delay another 9.5 hebdomads for intervention ( Asia Pacific Post, 2005 cited in Conrady & A ; Buck, 2008 ) . When a waiting list for a peculiar process is excessively long, the patients, particularly those who have high clip monetary values, may be willing to short-circuit the free services offered at place and travel abroad to hold a timely intervention and accomplish satisfaction Oklahoman ( Hopkins, 2010 ) . An extra factor that fuels medical touristry demand is income. Harmonizing to microeconomic theory, the more disposable income a individual has, the more it is available for ingestion, including the ingestion of wellness services ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ; Pindyck & A ; Rubinfeld, 2009 ) . Therefore, high income translates into the possibility of purchasing more wellness and preventative medical specialty ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) .Medical touristry and public wellness: crowding-in consequenceMedial touristry has become one of the most of import national economic activities thanks to the advantages it provides to hosting states ( UNESCAP, 2009 ) . The advantages such as economic addition, improved medical substructure and external encephalon drain decrease enable medical touristry to better and spread out public wellness, which is known as the crowding-in consequence of medical touristry ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Available information reveals that the planetary medical touristry industry generated about $ 60 billion in grosss in 2008 and the figure is projected to be $ 188 billion by the terminal of 2010 ( Deloitte, 2008 ) . Through cross-subsidization, the ensuing grosss can be reinvested in public wellness which consequences in increased entree, greater coverage, and improved quality of wellness attention for the local population ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ; Hopkins, 2010 ) . Cross-subsidization can besides take the signifier of sharing infirmary beds, heath professionals, and medical substructure ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Thailand, Argentina, and Malaysia, for illustration, have been utilizing telemedicine – a portion of technological invention associated with medical touristry – to supply wellness attention to advance parts ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Hence, the development of medical touristry, through macroeconomic redistribution policy, can heighten publi c heath and bring forth positive outwardness.Medical touristry and public wellness: crowding-out consequenceBing considered as a major stimulation of socioeconomic development through advancing medical touristry, private infirmaries have been having considerable subsidies from authorities ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ; UNESCAP, 2009 ) . Given scarce resource, such support may take away resources from public wellness attention. Promoting medical touristry besides diverts human resource off from public services to private sector where heath attention staff may have higher income and work in an international criterion environment ( Sen, 2008 ) . In Thailand, for illustration, 6,000 places in public wellness services are still remained unfilled as an addition figure of wellness attention forces is attracted by higher wage and better working environment in private sector ( Saniotis, 2008 ) . Private infirmaries in Malaysia employ 54 % of the state ‘s physicians while accounting fo r merely 20 % of entire infirmary beds ( Gross, 1999 ) . In India, 80 % of wellness outgo is now in the private sector, while about half of all Indian adult females still present their babes without medical attenders ( WHO Statistical Information System, 2006 ) . By concentrating national resources for international patients, the hosting state may put on the line denying its ain citizen just entree to care, and make a double market construction for wellness attention in which one section of high quality services is for aliens and the other of lower quality is for local patients ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . The ground underlying this polarisation is the tradeoff between the resources for public wellness and those for medical touristry ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Health attention for local population is crowded out as most of the resources are enticed off from local patients ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . This double market construction besides creates a state of affairs in which those who need less care normally acquire overtreatment while excepting the neediest 1s or cut downing their use ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) .DecisionMedical touristry refers to patients going from developed states to less developed or developing stat es for medical interventions. Medical touristry is market driven in which sky-rocketing wellness attention costs, expensive wellness insurance premiums, long waiting list at place are obliging grounds for patients from western states to seek cross-border interventions. Theoretical and empirical groundss prove that medical touristry crowds in public wellness thanks to the advantages it brings to destination states such as revenue enhancement grosss, decrease in encephalon drain and improved medical substructure. However, medical touristry besides crowds out public heath of finish states by taking resources off from public wellness services. For-profit private infirmaries could sabotage quality of attention at public wellness installations for local population. With higher wage and better working status at private installations, public wellness establishments may endure internal encephalon drain. Therefore, medical touristry has both positive and negative impacts on hosting states ‘ public wellness, and these effects should have equal attending they deserve.

Project Plan- Risk and Quality Requirements Essay

IT Project Plan IT projects are complex in nature. A proper plan gives not only maps the elements of the project but also ensures that the progress of project is going in the desired direction. In other terms, a project plan reduces the risk of project failure or over runs and improves the quality of the project. Project plan is the initial step in executing the project management. Project management strives to meet the expectations of the project stakeholders in terms of cost, quality, delivery and operations.   Project management is a crucial process that involves, people, process, price, infrastructure and cost. Project management should balance the interests of different stakeholders of the project like Project team members, management of the working group, client parameters, industry practices and the budget restrictions. In IT industry, it becomes the responsibility of project manager to look after the co-ordination of the above aspects. Project plan becomes an essential helping tool to the project management in directing the project requirements to the people and system. The project plan aligns the activities with the project life cycle and gives visibility to different phases of the project. IT will be like indicating the stakeholders of the project like client and project team to act upon the different activities of the project like, development, testing, rollout, training and implementation. The project plan is developed in connection with Organizational plan, Risk plan, Cost plan, Test plan, Roll out plan, Quality plan, Maintenance plan etc., So it is evident that Risk identification and Quality parameters act as forecasters for the project phase activities and does have a great significance in the successful implementation. However project plan includes the The Project Plan provides complete overview on how and when a project’s objectives are to be achieved, by expressing different activities to resources to achieve targets at different milestones The major elements of the project plan are as following: Description of the project or an over view of the project plan. Project specifications and requirements of the client Project Initiation plan and requirements in terms of technology, budget and people Project dependencies- external, internal Project milestones like Analysis, design, development, testing, implementation and training Identification and specification of project assumptions like availability of resources, technical inputs, skills and competency requirements. Project plan with work break down structure through Gantt chart or bar chart and control points at different levels. Project level activity specifications for different stakeholders like client team,, analysis team, design team etc., Project level resource specifications Project budget and cost plan Project tolerance, through put and capacity in terms of users and boundaries Technology to be implemented with constrains and rationale for the usage. Network contingency plans and infrastructure layout plans to be required for the project work out Risk identification and risk tolerance specifications of he system Quality framework under which the project is expected to execute Risk Risk can be termed as the possible loss or damage to a process. Risk identification is the estimation of possible potential dangers that can occur or hinder the progress of the project.   Risk in IT project management is a major component to consider even before the project execution, as the unidentified risks not only obstruct the progress but also may turn the entire project into loss. A risk will have a probability something above 0%.   And there is an identified chance to happen, which other wise is not a risk. So a deliberate approach to identify and mitigate the risks is highly appreciable from the project learning from decades. According to Dr. Barry W. Boehm, (as cited in kjordan) the top 10 identified software risks are as follows: Personal Shortfalls in perception of risk and resources Unrealistic schedules and budgets Developing the wrong functions and properties Developing the wrong user interface Gold-plating Continuing stream of requirements changes Shortfalls in externally furnished components Shortfalls in externally performed tasks Real-time performance shortfalls Straining computer-science capabilities So, IT projects do have a risk management process that is expressed through the risk management plan. The risk management plan contains the four major areas to observe in the plan: Risk Identification: The project manager or risk management personnel will identify the possible potential threats to the project management before well in advance. Eg; Shortage of workforce due to the withdrawal of people from the team; this can be from different reasons like, maternity leave, transfers to other projects or contract termination etc., Risk Quantification: The risk identified should be quantifiable, other wise which it is will not be of much useful. Eg; What percentage of people are going to be placed on another major project or percentage of testers that may not be available on project A. Risk Response: The consequences of risk should be specified, in the sense, sometimes the system may be less altered with certain types of risks. With this, the low response of system indicates and attributes the risk as a less priority risk. And the risks that may cause major alterations to the process will be given high priority by the project plan to address them and mitigate them. Risk Monitoring and Control: Risk monitoring and controlling involves the risk mitigation tools and practices for the easy execution of the project. Eg: Training the new people to fill the gaps on attrition by the time they leave or to be transferred from the current project process. The common risk scenarios in IT projects are as follows: Schedule Risk This is the highly possible risks in IT projects, when projects over run with scheduled times or slip the release schedules or the client priorities and queries are not answered Schedule risks alters the project phases and disturbs many dependencies. Other project dependencies like testing schedules, release schedules and infrastructure costing etc., can be altered and result in excessive costing and   losses. Schedule risk can happened due to the following reasons: Inappropriate or wrong project time estimation Poor tracking and monitoring of work break down plan with the resources. Over estimation of system functionality and through put. Eg: When the existing system support only 50 resources to work, scheduling of 60 or 65 may result in non availability of proper infrastructure. Wrong estimation of effort or skills. Eg: the project with low skilled work force or low effort estimation may take much time compared with the scenario of experienced people on task. Failure to specify or identify complex functionalities or requirements that emerge and become stumbling blocks for the progress execution, takes longer time to resolve and them to continue with the projected phases. Unexpected project scope expansions: These can happen due to the poor business analysis and feasibility guidelines. Budget Risk All the above schedule risks can ultimately result in increase in resource cost. In addition to this, the following at the initial project plan phase also result in budget risks Wrong budget estimation: When the cost of resources is going to be increased in future, adaptation of old compensation rates will ask for more funds to meet the project execution after some time. Cost overruns: These will arise when the project activities are not aligning with the planned activities Project scope expansion: Wrong specification of requirement may lead to extra budgets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eg:   Some IT projects fail to define the project scope very specifically in terms of design,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   development, training (on site), installation, maintenance, and support. A project that fails   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to differentiate between on site training support and training support through   Ã‚  Ã‚   documentation like user guide and admin guide has to face a situation in which the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   company has to bear the traveling and expenses of training resource when on-site training   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   is demanded in the last moment. Operational Risks Operational risks arises due to non specification of appropriate project methodology and non implementation of project processes like daily meetings (scrums), communication reports, Change requirement reports. Such risks will again result in over runs in operational schedules and results in high costs. Some causes of Operational risks are as follows: Failure to address priority conflicts: when tasks and conflicts are not nor prioritized, people sit on unnecessary or low priority tasks resulting the operational delays. Failure to resolve the responsibilities: The non-defined roles and responsibilities work on the similar operations or raise conflicts at some point of time in the operations. Insufficient resources : A project with in sufficient resources may execute poor operational performance and may result in operational delay.   No proper subject training : When the project stakeholders are not given project training at consecutive levels, there will be no direction and clarity in the project operations.   No resource planning : If the resource allocation is not properly planned, conflict arises between the different activities of the system   No communication in team: poor communication is the major hindrance for smooth project execution. Excessive communication and less communication will also alter the project schedules. Non -defining the desired level and form of communication hampers the information flow . eg: Non-maintenance of Change request forms from the client may result in wastage of work on the old configuration of modules by the developers and may result in project over runs. Technical risks Technical risks are the most unidentified risks with great damage and result in failure of functionality and performance. The causes of technical risks are: Continuous changing requirements: The initial technical specifications may require different technology platform to the technology that is appropriate for the recently added requirements Poor suggestion of technology: Lack of technical expertise of resources may result in compatibility problems. Some advanced features that may not be ready by the time of release, or that may not be compatible with the already developed functionalities will hamper the project execution. Product is complex to implement: When the product development is too complex and there is a dearth of skill and expertise in the market, the project needs to suffer delay or failure. Difficult project modules integration: When different modules are products are to be integrated, incompatibility problem arises between them that result in re work or failure. External Risks    These are the external risks beyond the boundaries of project management. These are all uncertain and may result of the following: Shortage of fund. Market Changes: Transferred demand Changing customer product strategy and priority Government rule changes. Quality Requirements of Project Quality refers to the delivery of projects and products that meet the expectations of all the stakeholders. A project that may meet all the specification of the client, but may over run the project schedule is not termed as a quality project, as it has resulted in extra cost to the management. So in order to bring down the risk, IT projects adopt different Quality models. For example Software design and development projects adopt quality models like CMMI, ISO, BSI, etc., he quality model frames a risk management plan and ensures the system to adhere to the planned project activities until the successful implementation. Usually the quality models identify some risk areas and constantly work on controlling the risk areas. The parameters that are commonly observed by different Quality models for IT systems are as follows: Correctness, Reliability, Integrity, Usability, Efficiency, Maintainability, Testability, Interoperability, Flexibility, Reusability, Portability, Clarity, Modifiability, Documentation, Schedule, Validity, Functionality, Generality and Economy. The quality management department or manager will ensure the project that it is being executed properly as per the plan. All the stakeholders monitor the project activities according to the quality parameters and control the error or risk as per the risk mitigation guidelines. Project Quality Plan defines the expectation of the stakeholders in terms of project specifications, schedule time, technology inputs, dependencies etc., and also maps the process to ensure the system to balance. A Project Quality management supports the following through quality plans and system guidelines: Defining organizational and project level quality objectives and parameters Customer requirements and expectations in terms of functionality, delivery Acceptance criteria of the IT product, which is a prioritized list of criteria for the customer to accept the final product. Roles and responsibilities of Quality management team. Functionality boundaries of the project quality system Reference to Industry practices or standards to be met The quality-control and audit processes to be applied to project management Quality-control and audit process parameters and requirements Change management procedures in case of scope change in project Configuration management plan Validation and verification controls Quality control and Assurance plan and procedures By adopting quality monitoring procedures Defining test lab procedures like- test documentation, testing resources, Test cases, scenarios, error logs and other testing documentation Metrics for quality analysis System guidelines for quality management procedures Maintenance of configuration management and change control requirements Conclusion For the Successful IT Project implementation, the project plan must address the risk issues and Quality requirements to mitigate the risk issues. Effective project planning, quality control, and monitoring will ensure the quality assurance of the project mitigating the identified risks. References Elizabeth and Richard Larson, How to Create a Clear Project Plan, Retrieved February 2,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2008 from www.projectmanagement.ittoolbox.com/documents/industry-articles/how-to–  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   create-a-clear-project-plan-844 – 26k – EPA Requirements for Quality Assurance Project Plans (EPA QA/R-5), Retrieved February   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2, 2008 from http://www.epa.gov/QUALITY/qs-docs/r5-final.pdf kjordan, Introduction to Software Risk & Risk Management, Retrieved February 2,2008   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://baz.com/kjordan/swse625/intro.html Hyatt & L. Rosenberg, A Software Quality Model and Metrics for Identifying Project Risks and Assessing Software Quality, http://satc.gsfc.nasa.gov/support/STC_APR96/qualtiy/stc_qual.html Project Management Planning, Retrieved February 2, 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.cio.ca.gov/itpolicy/pdf/PM3.2_Planning_Process_and_Plan.pdf Project Quality Plan , Retrieved February 2, 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.ogc.gov.uk/documentation_and_templates_project_quality_plan.asp Project plan, Retrieved February 2, 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.ogc.gov.uk/documentation_and_templates_project_plan_.asp QUALITY ASSURANCE PROJECT PLAN REQUIREMENTS, Retrieved February 2,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2008   Ã‚   from     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.wipp.energy.gov/library/CRA/BaselineTool/Documents/Appendices/  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   WAP%  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2010.PDF Quality Assurance Planning, Retrieved February 2, 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.chesapeakebay.net/info/qa_planning.cfm Risk management strategy, Retrieved February 2, 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.ogc.gov.uk/documentation_and_templates_risk_management_strateg  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   y_.asp Risk management framework, Retrieved February 2, 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.ogc.gov.uk/documentation_and_templates_risk_management_framew  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ork_.as p Risk management strategy, Retrieved February 2, 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.ogc.gov.uk/documentation_and_templates_risk_management_strateg  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   y_.asp Risk log (risk register) Retrieved February 2, 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.ogc.gov.uk/documentation_and_templates_risk_log_risk_register.asp Types of Risks in Software Projects, Retrieved February 2, 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/types-of-risks-in-software-projects/   

Using Animals in Research is Not Justified essays

Using Animals in Research is Not Justified essays According to Baldwin Elizabeths report the population of chimpanzees has drastically come down from 2,000,000 to 150,000 chimpanzees. On the similar lines, number of rabbits has declined from 3,000,000,000 to mere 1,500,000. Today, millions of animals are used in research, because of which not only chimpanzees and rabbits population are dropping down, but also other animals like dogs, mice, sharks, pigs, etceteras population are dropping down. In the United States, in many cases of Scientific Research, animals are used to test out specific products that are yet to become consumer products; usually the testing is for other medical purposes. There is a recurring argument of whether or not using animals in research is justified. Many people, usually scientists believe that animal testing is justified. However, I beg to differ because humans and animals are too different to make animal research any useful for humans, animal testing is cruel and unjustified, and animals too have moral rights. The reason for first argument has been rightly explained by Kowalski Kathiann, according to whose article, thousands of chimpanzees bred in the 1980s for AIDS research because 98 percent of chimpanzees have same DNA that humans have. However, researchers discovered that, unlike humans, chimpanzees do not develop AIDS, when they are infected with the HIV virus. Even animals whose DNA is similar to humans are not reliable test subjects because they may not react the same way. Similarly, the injectable contraceptive Depro-Provera was banned in the U.S over 20 years ago on the basis that it caused cancer in dogs and baboons, but recently that ban has been lifted because it was discovered that Depro-Provera did not cause cancer in humans. I, like most people, am also against practices of using animals to determine if cosmetic products are harmful. The negative publicity and consumer pressure surrounding these p...

How to Land an Interview When You Arent Qualified

How to Land an Interview When You Arent Qualified Anyone searching for a job has spotted classified job ads for what appear to be interesting positions. However, the person’s skills might be less than perfect, and he or she is hesitant to put in an application. Even if your qualifications aren’t a perfect match, should you go ahead and apply? Learn how to prove you are a good match for the position, even if your qualifications aren’t the best match. Not All People Being Interviewed Have the QualificationsThe first thing you need to know when thinking about applying for a position you found in the job classifieds you don’t have all the qualifications for is that you aren’t alone. According to a survey, 92 percent of job seekers find interviews stressful, and 11 percent feel they may be underqualified for the position they are seeking. If you have most of the qualifications the company is looking for, you shouldn’t dismiss applying for the job, especially if you can add on to your skillset to match the qualifications or have other things to offer.Focus on Your SkillsIf a company is advertising for a hire who has extensive experience in a position, this may not be the job to apply for if you are a recent graduate or your experience is limited. However, a lack of technical skills in the job requirements is doable because you can catch up on those before the interview. When your skills are a little short of the mark, focus on your transferrable skills and accentuate your soft skills such as your versatility, how you were an asset in previous jobs and ability to be a team player.Honesty HelpsLet’s say the position calls for five-years of experience in the field, but you only have two. Sometimes, job ads can stretch the qualifications hoping to get that master candidate to apply. That doesn’t mean the company has all the job requirements written in stone. Use this opportunity to explain why you would be a good candidate, despite the shorter work experience.Let Y our Resume Speak for YouA good resume will help get your foot in the door. Write it and include your qualifications that fit the description for the position, ensure that no errors in spelling or grammar exist and follow up a few days later. Being professional and showing interest can’t hurt your chances of getting that important first interview. Use your resume to show what a great candidate you are and how you have the motivation to fit well into the position.Preparation Is Key to a Successful InterviewIt’s easier to conduct a successful interview if you have done your homework and learned about the company. This makes it simpler to answer and ask questions and shows that you are interested in that particular job. You can learn a lot by checking out the company’s website, LinkedIn page and Facebook. Knowledge is power, and appearing knowledgeable about the company shows that you’ve invested some time into learning how you can fit in.Interviews Are Condu cted the Same WayWhether in person or on the phone, interviews are conducted the same way and should be prepared for the same. On a phone interview, dress professionally as you would for an in-person interview and remove any distractions behind you that might interfere, such as a busy background or noise that might disrupt. Prepare in advance since you might not know when the interviewer will call.Confidence, poise and advance preparation can help you get your dream job, even if your qualifications might fall a bit short. TheJobNetwork helps you find job openings the easy way by sending you email notices as soon as those jobs become available. All you need to do is fill out your qualifications and job interests to get started. You can start right now when you sign up with TheJobNetwork.

A Sporting Goods Store Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

A Sporting Goods Store - Research Paper Example Entrepreneur’s role 21 Business plan 21 License potential 21 Corporate partners 21 Proprietary rights 21 Infrastructure members 21 Bibliography 22 FEASIBILITY STUDY OF A SPORTING GOODS STORE Introduction Our proposed company is a sporting goods store that will manufacture a line of clothing for sports enthusiasts, carry known brands of sporting equipments, and accessories for fishing, hunting, hiking, and camping, aside from being a service center for these equipments. It is a combination of a retail, manufacturing and service business. At this point, we are still on the concept stage. Methodology/Analysis Our shirts will be customized, carrying our own brand and logo, but the designs will be done according to the theme of the sports events and idea of customers. Each design is unique as it will represent the theme of each event. As a shirt manufacturer, it will be a specialty store because we will use high materials. As a retail outlet, our store will carry known brands of hi king, fishing, and camping materials, as we plan to work for distributorship and licensed agreements with named brand owners. We will also set up a service and maintenance department that will repair sporting equipments that people bought from our store. As these items are costly, our maintenance will add value to them. Our Products will be sourced from sporting goods manufacturers and wholesalers and then sold to the general public via our retail store. Target markets are people of ages 18 and above, residents of Des Moines, and with average income of $35,000 and above. Study showed these people have the capacity to spend, and enjoy active sports life. Hiking, fishing, and camping are simple outdoor activities that people enjoy. Since our company is in the locality, it will be ready to serve their needs as a one stop shop for outdoor sports. In order to penetrate our target market, we will consider a tie up with schools, sports organizers and clubs for a city wide sports campaign l ike a city hiking day, hunting and fishing competition once every 6 months. We will also encourage sponsorship and media coverage. Our start-up costs and capital needed is estimated at $250,000. Start - capital will be provided by four partners at $25,000 each and the balance of $150,000 will be borrowed from the bank. Bulk of this fund will be used for capital expenditures, inventory, and maintenance and operating expenses for the first months of operations. It is expected that sales in the following months will provide the needed cash flows for operations. Our financing will be both debt and equity. Conclusion We plan to pursue this business since based on our projection; it is not a losing proposition. The first months of operations will be difficult for the start-up of our business, but we will keep our expenditures to a minimum so that our cash flows will not suffer and we do not have to borrow some more. Initially, sports organizations in the area that we have approached are e xcited with the idea and many of our friends have encouraged us to continue with the proposal.